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Spaceship Earth
Ecological Economics
Library of Congress Catalog Directory Table of Contents An Introduction to Ecological Economics / Robert Costanza [et al.] Preface xi Acknowledgments xii 1. Humanity's Current Dilemma 1 1.1 The Global Ecosystem and the Economic Subsystem 6 1.2 From Localized Limits to Global Limits 7 First Evidence of Limits: Human Biomass Appropriation 8 Second Evidence of Limits: Climate Change 9 Third Evidence of Limits: Ozone Shield Rupture 11 Fourth Evidence of Limits: Land Degradation 12 Fifth Evidence of Limits: Biodiversity Loss 13 1.3 Population and Poverty 14 1.4 Beyond Brundtland 15 1.5 Toward Sustainability 16 1.6 The Fragmentation of Economics and the Natural Sciences 17 2. The Historical Development of Economics and Ecology 19 2.1 The Early Codevelopment of Economics and Natural Science 23 Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand 23 Thomas Malthus and Population Growth 25 David Ricardo and the Geographic Pattern of Economic Activity 27 Sadi Carnot, Rudolf Clausius, and Thermodynamics 28 Charles Darwin and the Evolutionary Paradigm 29 John Stuart Mill and the Steady-State 32 Karl Marx and the Ownership of Resources 33 W. Stanley Jevons and the Scarcity of Stock Resources 36 Ernst Haeckel and the Beginnings of Ecology 36 Alfred J. Lotka and Systems Thinking 38 A. C. Pigou and Market Failure 39 Harold Hotelling and the Efficient Use of Resources over Time 42 2.2 Economics and Ecology Specialize and Separate 46 2.3 The Reintegration of Ecology and Economics 48 General System Theory 51 Open-Access Resource Management and Commons Institutions 53 Energetics and Systems 56 Spaceship Earth and Steady-State Economics 62 Adaptive Environmental Management 63 Coevolution of Ecological and Economic Systems 64 The Role of Neoclassical Economics in Ecological Economics 69 Critical Connections 72 Increased Efficiency and Dematerialization 72 Ecosystem Health 73 Environmental Epistemology 74 Political Ecology 75 Conclusions 75 3. Problems and Principles of Ecological Economics 77 3.1 Sustainable Scale, Fair Distribution, and Efficient Allocation 80 From Empty-World Economics to Full-World Economics 83 Reasons the Turning Point Has Not Been Noticed 84 Complementarity vs. Substitutability 85 Policy Implications of the Turning Point 86 Initial Policy Response to the Historical Turning Point 91 3.2 Ecosystems, Biodiversity, and Ecological Services 92 Biodiversity and Ecosystems 94 Ecosystems and Ecological Services 95 Defining and Predicting Sustainability in Ecological Terms 96 Ecosystems as Sustainable Systems 99 3.3 Substitutability vs. Complementarity of Natural, Human, and Manufactured Capital 100 Growth vs. Development 102 More on Complementarity vs. Substitutability 104 More on Natural Capital 104 Sustainability and Maintaining Natural Capital 106 3.4 Population and Carrying Capacity 108 3.5 Measuring Welfare and Well-Being 111 The GNP and Its Political Importance 112 GNP: Concepts and Measurement 114 From GNP to Hicksian Income and Sustainable Development 120 From GNP to a Measure of Economic Welfare 127 The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare 132 Toward a Measure of Total Human Welfare 135 Alternative Models of Wealth and Utility 139 3.6 Valuation, Choice, and Uncertainty 140 Fixed Tastes and Preferences and Consumer Sovereignty 141 Valuation of Ecosystems and Preferences 142 Uncertainty, Science, and Environmental Policy 144 Technological Optimism vs. Prudent Skepticism 148 Social Traps 151 Escaping Social Traps 152 The Dollar Auction Game 154 3.7 Trade and Community 156 Free Trade? 157 Community and Individual Well-Being 158 Community, Environmental Management, and Sustainability 159 Globalization, Transaction Costs, and Environmental Externalities 164 Policy Implications 167 4. Policies, Institutions, and Instruments 177 4.1 The Need to Develop a Shared Vision of a Sustainable Society 177 4.2 History of Environmental Institutions and Instruments 180 4.3 Successes, Failures, and Remedies 185 The Policy Role of Non-Government Organizations 186 Adaptive Ecological Economic Assessment and Management 187 Habitat Protection, Intergenerational Transfers, and Equity 189 4.4 Policy Instruments 192 Regulatory Systems 195 Incentive-Based Systems: Alternatives to Regulatory Control 197 The Role of Economic Efficiency 198 Pollution Fees and Subsidies 199 Popular Critiques of the Incentives for Efficiency Approach 200 Advantages and Disadvantages of Incentive-Based Systems of Regulation 204 Three Policies to Achieve Sustainability 206 Natural Capital Depletion (NCD) Tax 207 The Precautionary Polluter Pays Principle (4P) 209 Ecological Tariffs: Making Trade Sustainable 215 Toward Ecological Tax Reform 215 A Transdisciplinary Pollution Control Policy Instrument 217 Implementation and Operational Considerations 221 Appropriate Policies, Instruments, and Institutions for Governance at Different Levels of Spatial Aggregation 222 The Local Level 222 Land Purchasing and Conservation Easements 226 Full-Cost Pricing 227 The Regional Level: Reducing Counterproductive Interregional Competition for Growth 228 The National Level: Toxic Release Inventory and the Public's Right to Know 230 The EIS as a National Policy Instrument 231 Ecological Labeling 232 Other National Policies 232 The International Level and the Third World 234 The Global Level 236 Conclusions 239 Further Reading 243 References 243 About the Authors 267 Index 269 Bibliographic record available from Z39.50 Gateway
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